Chapter 1

Ṛṇādānam (Nonpayment of Debts)

L tr. 23-48, cf. J tr. 15-23
01.001a ṛṇaṃ deyam adeyaṃ ca yena yatra yathā ca yat |
01.001c dānagrahaṇadharmāc ca ṛṇādānam iti smṛtam || 1 ||
50
01.002a pitary uparate putrā ṛṇaṃ dadyur yathāṃśataḥ |
01.002c vibhaktā hy avibhaktā vā yas tām udvahate dhuram || 2 ||
01.003a pitṛvyeṇāvibhaktena bhrātrā vā yad ṛṇaṃ kṛtam |
01.003c mātrā vā yat kuṭumbārthe dadyus tad rikthino 'khilam || 3 ||
01.004a kramād avyāhataṃ prāptaṃ putrair yan narṇam uddhṛtam |
01.004c dadyuḥ paitāmahaṃ pautrās tac caturthān nivartate || 4 ||
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01.005a icchanti pitaraḥ putrān svārthahetor yatas tataḥ |
01.005c uttamarṇādhamarṇebhyo mām ayaṃ mocayiṣyati || 5 ||
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01.006a ataḥ putreṇa jātena svārtham utsṛjya yatnataḥ |
01.006c pitā mokṣitavya ṛṇād yathā na narakaṃ patet || 6 ||
01.007a tapasvī cāgnihotrī ca ṛṇavān mriyate yadi |
01.007c tapaś caivāgnihotraṃ ca sarvaṃ tad dhanināṃ dhanam || 7 ||
01.008a na putrarṇaṃ pitā dadyād dadyāt putras tu paitṛkam |
01.008c kāmakrodhasurādyūtaprātibhāvyakṛtaṃ vinā || 8 ||
58
01.009a pitur eva niyogād yat kuṭumbabharaṇāya ca |
01.009c kṛtaṃ vā yad ṛṇaṃ kṛcchre dadyāt putrasya tat pitā || 9 ||
01.010a śiṣyāntevāsidāsastrīvaiyāvṛttyakaraiś ca yat |
01.010c kuṭumbahetor utkṣiptaṃ voḍhavyaṃ tat kuṭumbinā || 10 ||
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01.011a nārvāg viṃśatimād varṣāt pitari proṣite sutaḥ |
01.011c ṛṇaṃ dadyāt pitṛvye vā jyeṣṭhe bhrātary athāpi vā || 11 ||
01.012a dāpyaḥ pararṇam eko 'pi jīvatsv adhikṛtaiḥ kṛtam |
01.012c preteṣu tu na tatputraḥ pararṇaṃ dātum arhati || 12 ||
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01.013a na strī patikṛtaṃ dadyād ṛṇaṃ putrakṛtaṃ tathā |
01.013c abhyupetād ṛte yadvā saha patyā kṛtaṃ bhavet || 13 ||
01.014a dadyād aputrā vidhavā niyuktā yā mumūrṣuṇā |
01.014c yo vā tadriktham ādadyād yato riktham ṛṇaṃ tataḥ || 14 ||
01.015a na ca bhāryākṛtam ṛṇaṃ kathañcit patyur ābhavet |
01.015c āpatkṛtād ṛte puṃsāṃ kuṭumbārtho hi vistaraḥ || 15 ||
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01.016a anyatra rajakavyādhagopaśauṇḍikayoṣitām |
01.016c teṣāṃ tatpratyayā vṛttiḥ kuṭumbaṃ ca tadāśrayam || 16 ||
01.017a putriṇī tu samutsṛjya putraṃ strī yānyam āśrayet |
01.017c ṛkthaṃ tasyā haret sarvaṃ niḥsvāyāḥ putra eva tu || 17 ||
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01.018a yā tu sapradhanaiva strī sāpatyā cānyam āśrayet |
01.018c so 'syā dadyād ṛṇaṃ bhartur utsṛjed vā tathaiva tām || 18 ||
01.019a adhanasya hy aputrasya mṛtasyopaiti yaḥ striyam |
01.019c ṛṇaṃ voḍhuḥ sa bhajate tad evāsya dhanaṃ smṛtam || 19 ||
01.020a dhanastrīhāriputrāṇām ṛṇabhāg yo dhanaṃ haret |
01.020c putro 'satoḥ strīdhaninoḥ strīhārī dhaniputrayoḥ || 20 ||
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01.021a uttamā svairiṇī yā syād uttamā ca punarbhuvām |
01.021c ṛṇaṃ tayoḥ patikṛtaṃ dadyād yas tām upāśnute || 21 ||
65
01.022a strīkṛtāny apramāṇāni kāryāṇy āhur anāpadi |
01.022c viśeṣato gṛhakṣetradānādhamanavikrayāḥ || 22 ||
01.023a etāny api pramāṇāni bhartā yady anumanyate |
01.023c putraḥ patyur abhāve vā rājā vā patiputrayoḥ || 23 ||
01.024a bhartrā prītena yad dattaṃ striyai tasmin mṛte 'pi tat |
01.024c sā yathākāmam aśnīyād dadyād vā sthāvarād ṛte || 24 ||
66
01.025a tathā dāsakṛtaṃ kāryam akṛtaṃ paricakṣate |
01.025c anyatra svāmisandeśān na dāsaḥ prabhur ātmanaḥ || 25 ||
01.026a putreṇa ca kṛtaṃ kāryaṃ yat syāt pitur anicchataḥ |
01.026c tad apy akṛtam evāhur dāsaḥ putraś ca tau samau || 26 ||
01.027a aprāptavyavahāraś cet svatantro 'pi hi na rṇabhāk |
01.027c svātantryaṃ tu smṛtaṃ jyeṣṭhe jyaiṣṭhyaṃ guṇavayaḥkṛtam || 27 ||
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01.028a trayaḥ svatantrā loke 'smin rājācāryas tathaiva ca |
01.028c prati prati ca varṇānāṃ sarveṣāṃ svagṛhe gṛhī || 28 ||
01.029a asvatantrāḥ prajāḥ sarvāḥ svatantraḥ pṛthivīpatiḥ |
01.029c asvatantraḥ smṛtaḥ śiṣya ācārye tu svatantratā || 29 ||
01.030a asvatantrāḥ striyaḥ putrā dāsāś ca saparigrahāḥ |
01.030c svatantras tatra tu gṛhī yasya yat syāt kramāgatam || 30 ||
01.031a garbhasthaiḥ sadṛśo jñeya ā varṣād aṣṭamāc chiṣuḥ |
01.031c bāla ā ṣoḍaśāj jñeyaḥ pogaṇḍaś cāpi śabdyate || 31 ||
68
01.032a parato vyavahārajñaḥ svatantraḥ pitarau vinā |
01.032c jīvator asvatantraḥ syāj jarayāpi samanvitaḥ || 32 ||
01.033a tayor api pitā śreyān bījaprādhānyadarśanāt |
01.033c abhāve bījino mātā tadabhāve tu pūrvajaḥ || 33 ||
01.034a svatantrāḥ sarva evaite paratantreṣu sarvadā |
01.034c anuśiṣṭau visarge ca vikraye ceśvarā matāḥ || 34 ||
69
01.035a yad bālaḥ kurute kāryam asvatantras tathaiva ca |
01.035c akṛtaṃ tad iti prāhuḥ śāstre śāstravido janāḥ || 35 ||
01.036a svatantro 'pi hi yat kāryaṃ kuryād aprakṛtiṃ gataḥ |
01.036c tad apy akṛtam evāhur asvatantraḥ sa hetutaḥ || 36 ||
01.037a kāmakrodhābhiyuktārtabhayavyasanapīḍitāḥ |
01.037c rāgadveṣaparītāś ca jñeyās tv aprakṛtiṃ gatāḥ || 37 ||
70
01.038a kule jyeṣṭhas tathā śreṣṭhaḥ prakṛtisthaś ca yo bhavet |
01.038c tatkṛtaṃ syāt kṛtaṃ kāryaṃ nāsvatantrakṛtaṃ kṛtam || 38 ||
01.039a dhanamūlāḥ kriyāḥ sarvā yatnas tatsādhane mataḥ |
01.039c rakṣaṇaṃ vardhanaṃ bhoga iti tasya vidhiḥ kramāt || 39 ||
01.040a tat punas trividhaṃ jñeyaṃ śuklaṃ śabalam eva ca |
01.040c kṛṣṇaṃ ca tasya vijñeyaḥ prabhedaḥ saptadhā pṛthak || 40 ||
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01.041a śrutaśauryatapaḥkanyāśiṣyayājyānvayāgatam |
01.041c dhanaṃ saptavidhaṃ śuklam udayo 'py asya tadvidhaḥ || 41 ||
01.042a kusīdakṛṣivāṇijyaśulkaśilpānuvṛttibhiḥ |
01.042c kṛtopakārād āptaṃ ca śabalaṃ samudāhṛtam || 42 ||
01.043a pārśvikadyūtadautyārtipratirūpakasāhasaiḥ/
01.043c vyājenopārjitaṃ yac ca tat kṛṣṇaṃ samudāhṛtam || 43 ||
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01.044a tena krayo vikrayaś ca dānaṃ grahaṇam eva ca |
01.044c vividhāś ca pravartante kriyāḥ sambhoga eva ca || 44 ||
01.045a yathāvidhena dravyeṇa yatkiñcit kurute naraḥ |
01.045c tathāvidham avāpnoti sa phalaṃ pretya ceha ca || 45 ||
01.046a tat punar dvādaśavidhaṃ prativarṇāśrayāt smṛtam |
01.046c sādhāraṇaṃ syāt trividhaṃ śeṣaṃ navavidhaṃ smṛtam || 46 ||
01.047a kramāgataṃ prītidāyaḥ prāptaṃ ca saha bhāryayā |
01.047c aviśeṣeṇa varṇānāṃ sarveṣāṃ trividhaṃ dhanam || 47 ||
73
01.048a vaiśeṣikaṃ dhanaṃ jñeyaṃ brāhmaṇasya trilakṣaṇam |
01.048c pratigraheṇa yallabdhaṃ yājyataḥ śiṣyatas tathā || 48 ||
01.049a trividhaṃ kṣatriyasyāpi prāhur vaiśeṣikaṃ dhanam |
01.049c yuddhopalabdhaṃ kāraś ca daṇḍaś ca vyavahārataḥ || 49 ||
01.050a vaiśeṣikaṃ dhanaṃ jñeyaṃ vaiśyasyāpi trilakṣaṇam |
01.050c kṛṣigorakṣavāṇijyaiḥ śūdrasyaibhyas tv anugrahāt || 50 ||
01.051a sarveṣām eva varṇānām eṣa dharmyo dhanāgamaḥ |
01.051c viparyayād adharmyaḥ syān na ced āpad garīyasī || 51 ||
01.052a āpatsv anantarā vṛttir brāhmaṇasya vidhīyate |
01.052c vaiśyavṛttis tataś coktā na jaghanyā kathañcana || 52 ||
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01.053a na kathañcana kurvīta brāhmaṇaḥ karma vārṣalam |
01.053c vṛṣalaḥ karma na brāhmaṃ patanīye hi te tayoḥ || 53 ||
01.054a utkṛṣṭaṃ cāpakṛṣṭaṃ ca tayoḥ karma na vidyate |
01.054c madhyame karmaṇī hitvā sarvasādhāraṇe hi te || 54 ||
01.055a āpadaṃ brāhmaṇas tīrtvā kṣatravṛttyā hṛtair dhanaiḥ |
01.055c utsṛjet kṣatravṛttiṃ tāṃ kṛtvā pāvanam ātmanaḥ || 55 ||
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01.056a tasyām eva tu yo vṛttau brāhmaṇo ramate rasāt |
01.056c kāṇḍapṛṣṭhaś cyuto mārgāt so 'pāṅkteyaḥ prakīrtitaḥ || 56 ||
01.057a vaiśyavṛttāv avikreyaṃ brāhmaṇasya payo dadhi |
01.057c ghṛtaṃ madhu madhūcchiṣṭaṃ lākṣākṣārarasāsavāḥ || 57 ||
01.058a māṃsaudanatilakṣaumasomapuṣpaphalapalāḥ |
01.058c manuṣyaviṣaśastrāmbulavaṇāpūpavīrudhaḥ || 58 ||
01.059a nīlīkauṣeyacarmāsthikutapaikaśaphā mṛdaḥ |
01.059c udaśvitkeśapiṇyākaśākādyauṣadhayas tathā || 59 ||
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01.060a brāhmaṇasya tu vikreyaṃ śuṣkaṃ dāru tṛṇāni ca |
01.060c gandhadravyairakāvetratūlamūlatuśād ṛte || 60 ||
01.061a svayaṃ śīrṇaṃ ca vidalaṃ phalānāṃ badareṅgude |
01.061c rajjuḥ kārpāsikaṃ sūtraṃ tac ced avikṛtaṃ bhavet || 61 ||
01.062a aśaktau bheṣajasyārthe yajñahetos tathaiva ca |
01.062c yady avaśyaṃ tu vikreyās tilā dhānyena tatsāmāḥ || 62 ||
01.063a avikreyāṇi vikrīṇan brāhmaṇaḥ pracyutaḥ pathaḥ |
01.063c mārge punar avasthāpya rājñā daṇḍena bhūyasā || 63 ||
77 1 L tr. 48-73, cf. J tr. 23-32
01.064a pramāṇāni pramāṇasthaiḥ paripālyāni yatnataḥ |
01.064c sīdanti hi pramāṇāni pramāṇair avyavasthitaiḥ || 64 ||
01.065a likhitaṃ sākṣiṇo bhuktiḥ pramāṇaṃ trividhaṃ smṛtaṃ |
01.065c dhanasvīkaraṇe yena dhanī dhanam upāśnute || 65 ||
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01.066a likhitaṃ balavan nityaṃ jīvantas tv eva sākṣiṇaḥ |
01.066c kālātiharaṇād bhuktir iti śāstreṣu niścayaḥ || 66 ||
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01.067a trividhasyāsya dṛṣṭasya pramāṇasya yathākramam |
01.067c pūrvaṃ pūrvaṃ guru jñeyaṃ bhuktir ebhyo garīyasī || 67 ||
01.068a vidyamāne 'pi likhite jīvatsv api hi sākṣiṣu |
01.068c viśeṣataḥ sthāvarāṇāṃ yan na bhuktaṃ na tat sthiram || 68 ||
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01.069a bhujyamānān parair arthān yaḥ svān maurkhyād upekṣate |
01.069c samakṣaṃ jīvato 'py asya tān bhuktiḥ kurute vaśe || 69 ||
01.070a yatkiñcid daśa varṣāṇi sannidhau prekṣate dhanī |
01.070c bhujyamānaṃ parais tūṣṇīṃ na sa tal labdhum arhati || 70 ||
01.071a upekṣāṃ kurvatas tasya tūṣṇīṃ bhūtasya tiṣṭhataḥ |
01.071c kāle 'tipanne pūrvokte vyavahāro na sidhyati || 71 ||
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01.072a ajaḍaś ced apogaṇḍo viṣaye cāsya bhujyate |
01.072c bhuktaṃ tad vyavahāreṇa bhoktā tad dhanam arhati || 72 ||
01.073a ādhiḥ sīmā bāladhanaṃ nikṣepopanidhī striyaḥ |
01.073c rājasvaṃ śrotriyasvaṃ ca nopabhogena jīryate || 73 ||
01.074a pratyakṣaparibhogāc ca svāmino dvidaśāḥ samāḥ |
01.074c ādhyādīny api jīryante strīnarendradhanād ṛte || 74 ||
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01.075a strīdhanaṃ ca narendrāṇāṃ na kadācana jīryate |
01.075c anāgamaṃ bhujyamānaṃ vatsarāṇāṃ śatair api || 75 ||
01.076a nirbhogo yatra dṛśyeta na dṛśyetāgamaḥ kvacit |
01.076c āgamaḥ kāraṇaṃ tatra na bhogas tatra kāraṇam || 76 ||
01.077a anāgamaṃ bhujyate yan na tad bhogo 'tivartate |
01.077c prete tu bhoktari dhanaṃ yāti tadvaṃśyabhogyatām || 77 ||
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01.078a āhartaivābhiyuktaḥ sann arthānām uddharet padam |
01.078c bhuktir eva viśuddhiḥ syāt prāptānāṃ pitṛtaḥ kramāt || 78 ||
01.079a anvāhitaṃ hṛtaṃ nyastaṃ balāvaṣṭabdhaṃ yācitam |
01.079c apratyakṣaṃ ca yad bhuktaṃ ṣaḍ etāny āgamaṃ vinā || 79 ||
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01.080a tathārūḍhavivādasya pretasya vyavahāriṇaḥ |
01.080c putreṇa so 'rthaḥ saṃśodhyo na taṃ bhogo 'tivartate || 80 ||
01.081a yad vināgamam apy ūrdhvaṃ bhuktaṃ pūrvais tribhir bhavet |
01.081c na tac chakyam apākartuṃ kramāt tripuruṣāgatam || 81 ||
01.082a santo 'pi na pramāṇaṃ syur mṛte dhanini sākṣiṇaḥ |
01.082c anyatra śrāvitaṃ yat syāt svayam āsannamṛtyunā || 82 ||
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01.083a na hi pratyarthini prete pramāṇaṃ sākṣiṇāṃ vacaḥ |
01.083c sākṣimat karaṇaṃ tatra pramāṇaṃ syād viniścaye || 83 ||
01.084a śrāvitas tv ātureṇāpi yas tv artho dharmasaṃhitaḥ |
01.084c mṛte 'pi tatra sākṣī syāt ṣaṭsu cānvāhitādiṣu || 84 ||
01.085a kriya rṇādiṣu sarveṣu balavaty uttarottarā |
01.085c pratigrahādhikrīteṣu pūrvā pūrvā garīyasī || 85 ||
86
01.086a sthānalābhanimittaṃ hi dānagrahaṇam iṣyate |
01.086c tat kusīdam iti proktaṃ tena vṛttiḥ kusīdinām || 86 ||
87
01.087a kāyikā kālikā caiva kāritā ca tathā smṛtā |
01.087c cakravṛddhiś ca śāstreṣu tasya vṛddhiś caturvidhā || 87 ||
01.088a kāyāvirodhinī śaśvat paṇapādyā tu kāyikā |
01.088c pratimāsaṃ sravati yā vṛddhiḥ sā kālikā smṛtā || 88 ||
01.089a vṛddhiḥ sā kāritā nāma ya rṇikena svayaṅkṛtā |
01.089c vṛddher api punar vṛddhiś cakravṛddhir udāhṛtā || 89 ||
89
01.090a ṛṇānāṃ sārvabhaumo 'yaṃ vidhir vṛddhikaraḥ smṛtaḥ |
01.090c deśācāravidhis tv anyo yatra rṇam avatiṣṭhati || 90 ||
01.091a dviguṇaṃ triguṇaṃ caiva tathānyasmiṃś caturguṇam |
01.091c tathāṣṭaguṇam anyasmin deśe deśe 'vatiṣṭhate || 91 ||
01.092a hiraṇyadhānyavastrāṇāṃ vṛddhir dvitricaturguṇā |
01.092c ghṛtasyāṣṭaguṇā vṛddhiḥ strīpaśūnāṃ ca santatiḥ || 92 ||
90
01.093a sūtrakarpāsakiṇvānāṃ trapuṣaḥ sīsakasya ca |
01.093c āyudhānāṃ ca sarveṣāṃ carmaṇas tāmralohayoḥ || 93 ||
01.094a anyeṣāṃ caiva sarveṣām iṣṭakānāṃ tathaiva ca |
01.094c akṣayyā vṛddhir eteṣāṃ manur āha prajāpatiḥ || 94 ||
01.095a tailānāṃ caiva sarveṣāṃ madyānāṃ madhusarpiṣām |
01.095c vṛddhir aṣṭaguṇā jñeyā guḍasya lavaṇasya ca || 95 ||
01.096a na vṛddhiḥ prītidattānāṃ syād anākāritā kvacit |
01.096c anākāritam apy ūrdhvaṃ vatsarārdhād vivardhate || 96 ||
01.097a eṣa vṛddhividhiḥ proktaḥ prativṛddhasya dharmataḥ |
01.097c vṛddhis tu yoktā dhānyānāṃ vārdhuṣyaṃ tad udāhṛtam || 97 ||
91
01.098a āpadaṃ nistared vaiśyaḥ kāmaṃ vārdhuṣakarmaṇā |
01.098c āpatsv api hi kaṣṭāsu brāhmaṇasya na vārdhuṣam || 98 ||
01.099a brāhmaṇasya tu yad deyaṃ sānvayasya na cāsti saḥ |
01.099c svakulyasyāsya nivapet tadabhāve 'sya bandhuṣu || 99 ||
01.100a yadā tu na svakulyāḥ syur na ca sambandhibāndhavāḥ |
01.100c tadā dadyāt svajātibhyas teṣv asatsv apsu nikṣipet || 100 ||
92
01.101a gṛhītvopagataṃ dadyād ṛṇikāyodayaṃ dhanī |
01.101c adadad yācyamānas tu śeṣahānim avāpnuyāt || 101 ||
01.102a lekhyaṃ dadyād ṛṇe śuddhe tadabhāve pratiśravam |
01.102c dhanikarṇikayor evaṃ viśuddhiḥ syāt parasparam || 102 ||
93
01.103a viśrambhahetū dvāv atra pratibhūr ādhir eva ca |
01.103c likhitaṃ sākṣiṇaś ca dve pramāṇe vyaktikārake || 103 ||
01.104a upasthānāya dānāya pratyayāya tathaiva ca |
01.104c trividhaḥ pratibhūr dṛṣṭas triṣv evārtheṣu sūribhiḥ || 104 ||
94
01.105a ṛṇiṣv apratikurvatsu pratyaye vā vivādite |
01.105c pratibhūs tad ṛṇaṃ dadyād anupasthāpayaṃs tathā || 105 ||
95
01.106a bahavaś cet pratibhuvo dadyus te 'rthaṃ yathākṛtam |
01.106c arthe 'viśeṣite hy eṣu dhaninaś chandataḥ kriyā || 106 ||
96
01.107a yaṃ cārthaṃ pratibhūr dadyād dhanikenopapīḍitaḥ |
01.107c ṛṇikas taṃ pratibhuve dviguṇaṃ pratipādayet || 107 ||
97
01.108a adhikriyata ity ādhiḥ sa vijñeyo dvilakṣaṇaḥ |
01.108c kṛtakālopaneyaś ca yāvaddeyodyatas tathā || 108 ||
98
01.109a sa punar dvividhaḥ prokto gopyo bhogyas tathaiva ca |
01.109c pratidānaṃ tathaivāsya lābhahānir viparyaye || 109 ||
01.110a pramādād dhaninas tadvad ādhau vikṛtim āgate |
01.110c vinaṣṭe mūlanāśaḥ syād daivarājakṛtād ṛte || 110 ||
99
01.111a rakṣyamāṇo 'pi yatrādhiḥ kāleneyād asāratām |
01.111c ādhir anyo 'dhikartavyo deyaṃ vā dhanine dhanam || 111 ||
01.112a atha śaktivihīnaḥ syād ṛṇī kālaviparyayāt |
01.112c śakyaprekṣam ṛṇaṃ dāpyaḥ kāle kāle yathodayam || 112 ||
100
01.113a śakto vā yadi daurātmyān na dadyād dhanine dhanam |
01.113c rājñā dāpayitavyaḥ syād gṛhītvāṃśaṃ tu viṃśakam || 113 ||
01.114a naśyed ṛṇaparīmāṇaṃ kāleneha rṇikasya cet |
01.114c jātisañjñādhivāsānām āgamo lekhyataḥ smṛtaḥ || 114 ||
101
01.115a lekhyaṃ tu dvividhaṃ jñeyaṃ svahastānyakṛtaṃ tathā |
01.115c asākṣimat sākṣimac ca siddhir deśasthites tayoḥ || 115 ||
01.116a deśācārāviruddhaṃ yad vyaktādhikṛtalakṣaṇam |
01.116c tat pramāṇaṃ smṛtaṃ lekhyam aviluptakramākṣaram || 116 ||
01.117a mattābhiyuktastrībālabalātkārakṛtaṃ ca yat |
01.117c tad apramāṇakaraṇaṃ bhītopadhikṛtaṃ tathā || 117 ||
102
01.118a mṛtāḥ syuḥ sākṣiṇo yatra dhanikarṇikalekhakāḥ |
01.118c tad apy apārthaṃ likhitam ṛte tv ādheḥ sthirāśrayāt || 118 ||
01.119a ādhir yo dvividhaḥ prokto jaṅgamaḥ sthāvaras tathā |
01.119c siddhir atrobhayasyāsya bhogo yady asti nānyathā || 119 ||
01.120a darśitaṃ pratikālaṃ yac chrāvitaṃ śrāvitaṃ ca yat |
01.120c lekhyaṃ sidhyati sarvatra mṛteṣv api hi sākṣiṣu || 120 ||
103
01.121a aśrutārtham adṛṣṭārthaṃ vyavahārārtham eva ca |
01.121c na lekhyaṃ siddhim āpnoti jīvatsv api hi sākṣiṣu || 121 ||
01.122a lekhye deśāntaranyaste dagdhe durlikhite hṛte |
01.122c satas tatkālakaraṇam asato dṛṣṭadarśanam || 122 ||
104
01.123a yasmin syāt saṃśayo lekhye bhūtābhūtakṛte kvacit |
01.123c tatsvahastakriyācihnaprāptiyuktibhir uddharet || 123 ||
105
01.124a lekhyaṃ yac cānyanāmāṅkaṃ hetvantarakṛtaṃ bhavet |
01.124c vipratyaye parīkṣyaṃ tat sambandhāgamahetubhiḥ || 124 ||
106
01.124-1a lekhyaṃ yac cānyanāmāṅkaṃ hetvantarakṛtaṃ bhavet |
01.124-1c vipratyaye parīkṣyaṃ tat sambandhāgamahetubhiḥ || 124-1 ||
107
01.125a likhitaṃ likhitenaiva sākṣimat sākṣibhir haret |
01.125c sākṣibhyo likhitaṃ śreyo likhitena tu sākṣiṇaḥ || 125 ||
108
01.126a chinnabhinnahṛtonmṛṣṭanaṣṭadurlikhiteṣu ca |
01.126c kartavyam anyal lekhyaṃ syād eṣa lekhyavidhiḥ smṛtaḥ || 126 ||
109 2 L tr. 73-95, cf. J tr. 32-45
01.127a sandigdheṣu tu kāryeṣu dvayor vivadamānayoḥ |
01.127c dṛṣṭaśrutānubhūtatvāt sākṣibhyo vyaktidarśanam || 127 ||
01.128a samakṣadarśanāt sākṣī vijñeyaḥ śrotracakṣuṣoḥ |
01.128c śrotrasya yat paro brūte cakṣuṣaḥ kāyakarma yat || 128 ||
110
01.129a ekādaśavidhaḥ sākṣī sa tu dṛṣṭo manīṣibhiḥ |
01.129c kṛtaḥ pañcavidhas teṣāṃ ṣaḍvidho 'kṛta ucyate || 129 ||
01.130a likhitaḥ smāritaś caiva yadṛcchābhijña eva ca |
01.130c gūḍhaś cottarasākṣī ca sākṣī pañcavidhaḥ smṛtaḥ || 130 ||
01.131a akṛtaḥ ṣaḍvidhaś cāpi sūribhiḥ parikīrtitaḥ |
01.131c grāmaś ca prāḍvivākaś ca rājā ca vyavahāriṇām || 131 ||
01.132a kāryeṣv abhyantaro yaḥ syād arthinā prahitaś ca yaḥ |
01.132c kulaṃ kulavivādeṣu bhaveyus te 'pi sākṣiṇaḥ || 132 ||
111
01.133a kulīnā ṛjavaḥ śuddhā janmataḥ karmato 'rthataḥ |
01.133c tryavarāḥ sākṣiṇo 'nindyāḥ śucayaḥ syuḥ subuddhayaḥ || 133 ||
01.134a brāhmaṇāḥ kṣatriyā vaiśyāḥ śūdrā ye cāpy aninditāḥ |
01.134c prativarṇaṃ bhaveyus te sarve sarveṣu vā punaḥ || 134 ||
01.135a śreṇīṣu śreṇipuruṣāḥ sveṣu vargeṣu vargiṇaḥ |
01.135c bahirvāsiṣu bāhyāś ca striyaḥ striṣu ca sākṣiṇaḥ || 135 ||
112
01.136a śreṇyādiṣu tu vargeṣu kaścic ced dveṣyatām iyāt |
01.136c tebhya eva na sākṣī syād dveṣṭāraḥ sarva eva te || 136 ||
01.137a asākṣy api hi śāstreṣu dṛṣṭaḥ pañcavidho budhaiḥ |
01.137c vacanād doṣato bhedāt svayamukter mṛtāntaraḥ || 137 ||
01.138a śrotriyādyā vacanataḥ stenādyā doṣadarśanāt |
01.138c bhedād vipratipattiḥ syād vivāde yatra sākṣiṇaḥ || 138 ||
01.139a svayamukter anirdiṣṭaḥ svayam evaitya yo vadet |
01.139c mṛtāntaro 'rthini prete mumūrṣuśrāvitād ṛte || 139 ||
01.140a śrotriyās tāpasā vṛddhā ye ca pravrajitā narāḥ |
01.140c asākṣiṇas te vacanān nātra hetur udāhṛtaḥ || 140 ||
01.141a stenāḥ sāhasikāś caṇḍāḥ kitavā vadhakās tathā |
01.141c asākṣiṇas te duṣṭatvāt teṣu satyaṃ na vidyate || 141 ||
113
01.142a rājñā parigṛhīteṣu sākṣiṣv ekārthaniścaye |
01.142c vacanaṃ yatra bhidyate te syur bhedād asākṣiṇaḥ || 142 ||
01.143a anirdiṣṭas tu sākṣitve svayam evaitya yo vadet |
01.143c sūcīty uktaḥ sa śāstreṣu na sa sākṣitvam arhati || 143 ||
01.144a yo 'rthaḥ śrāvayitavyaḥ syāt tasminn asati cārthini |
01.144c kva tad vadatu sākṣitvam ity asākṣī mṛtāntaraḥ || 144 ||
01.144-1a yo 'rthaḥ śrāvayitavyaḥ syāt tasminn asati cārthini |
01.144-1c kva tad vadatu sākṣitvam ity asākṣī mṛtāntaraḥ || 144-1 ||
114
01.145a dvayor vivadator arthe dvayoḥ satsu ca sākṣiṣu |
01.145c pūrvapakṣo bhaved yasya bhaveyus tasya sākṣiṇaḥ || 145 ||
115
01.146a ādharyaṃ pūrvapakṣasya yasminn arthe vaśād bhavet |
01.146c praṣṭavyāḥ sākṣiṇas tatra vivāde prativādinaḥ || 146 ||
01.147a na pareṇa samuddiṣṭam upeyāt sākṣiṇaṃ rahaḥ |
01.147c bhedayet taṃ na cānyena hīyetaivaṃ samācaran || 147 ||
116
01.148a sākṣy uddiṣṭo yadi preyād gacched vāpi digantaram |
01.148c tacchrotāraḥ pramāṇaṃ syuḥ pramāṇaṃ hy uttarakriyā || 148 ||
01.149a sudīrgheṇāpi kālena likhitaṃ siddhim āpnuyāt |
01.149c jānatā cātmanā lekhyaṃ ajānānas tu lekhayet || 149 ||
01.150a siddhir uktāṣṭamād varṣāt smāritasyeha sākṣiṇaḥ |
01.150c ā pañcamāt tathā siddhir yadṛcchopagatasya tu || 150 ||
117
01.151a ā tṛtīyāt tathā varṣāt siddhir gūḍhasya sākṣiṇaḥ |
01.151c ā vai saṃvatsarāt siddhiṃ vadanty uttarasākṣiṇaḥ || 151 ||
01.152a athavā kālaniyamo na dṛṣṭaḥ sākṣiṇaṃ prati |
01.152c smṛtyapekṣaṃ hi sākṣitvam āhuḥ śāstravido janāḥ || 152 ||
01.153a yasya nopahatā puṃsaḥ smṛtiḥ śrotraṃ ca nityaśaḥ |
01.153c sudīrgheṇāpi kālena sa sākṣī sākṣyam arhati || 153 ||
01.154a asākṣipratyayās tv anye ṣaḍvivādāḥ prakīrtitāḥ |
01.154c lakṣaṇāny eva sākṣitvaṃ eṣām āhur manīṣiṇaḥ || 154 ||
118
01.155a ulkāhasto 'gnido jñeyaḥ śastrapāṇis tu ghātakaḥ |
01.155c keśākeśigṛhītaś ca yugapat pāradārikaḥ || 155 ||
01.156a kuddālapāṇir vijñeyaḥ setubhettā samīpagaḥ |
01.156c tathā kuṭhārapāṇiś ca vanachettā prakīrtitaḥ || 156 ||
01.157a abhyagracihno vijñeyo daṇḍapāruṣyakṛn naraḥ |
01.157c asākṣipratyayā hy ete pāruṣye tu parīkṣaṇam || 157 ||
01.158a kaścit kṛtvātmanaś cihnaṃ dveṣāt param upadravet |
01.158c hetvarthagatisāmarthyais tatra yuktaṃ parīkṣaṇam || 158 ||
01.159a nārthasambandhino nāptā na sahāyā na vairiṇaḥ |
01.159c na dṛṣṭadoṣāḥ praṣṭavyāś na vyādhyārtā na dūṣitāḥ || 159 ||
119
01.160a dāsanaikṛtikāśraddhavṛddhastrībālacākrikāḥ |
01.160c mattonmattapramattārtakitavagrāmayājakāḥ || 160 ||
01.161a mahāpathikasāmudravaṇikpravrajitāturāḥ |
01.161c lubdhakaśrotriyācārahīnaklībakuśīlavāḥ || 161 ||
01.162a nāstikavrātyadārāgnityāgino 'yājyayājakāḥ |
01.162c ekasthālīsahāyāricarajñātisanābhayaḥ || 162 ||
120
01.163a prāgdṛṣṭadoṣaśailūṣaviṣajīvyahituṇḍikāḥ |
01.163c garadāgnidakīnāśaśūdrāputropapātikāḥ || a 163 ||
01.164a klāntasāhasikaśrāntanirdhanāntyāvasāyinaḥ |
01.164c bhinnavṛttāsamāvṛttajaḍatailikamūlikāḥ || 164 ||
01.165a bhūtāviṣṭanṛpadviṣṭavarṣanakṣatrasūcakāḥ |
01.165c aghaśaṃsyātmavikretṛhīnāṅgabhagavṛttayaḥ || 165 ||
121
01.166a kunakhī śyāvadan śvitrimitradhrukśaṭhaśauṇḍikāḥ |
01.166c aindrajālikalubdhograśreṇīgaṇavirodhinaḥ || 166 ||
01.167a vadhakṛccitrakṛnmaṅkhaḥ patitaḥ kūṭakārakaḥ |
01.167c kuhakaḥ pratyavasitas taskaro rājapūruṣaḥ | 167
01.168a manuṣyaviṣaśastrāmbulavaṇāpūpavīrudhām |
01.168c vikretā brāhmaṇaś caiva dvijo vārdhuṣikaś ca yaḥ || 168 ||
01.169a cyutaḥ svadharmāt kulikaḥ stāvako hīnasevakaḥ |
01.169c pitrā vivadamānaś ca bhedakṛc cety asākṣiṇaḥ || 169 ||
01.170a asākṣiṇo ye nirdiṣṭā dāsanaikṛtikādayaḥ |
01.170c kāryagauravam āsādya bhaveyus te 'pi sākṣiṇaḥ || 170 ||
122
01.171a sāhaseṣu ca sarveṣu steyasaṅgrahaṇeṣu ca |
01.171c pāruṣyayoś cāpy ubhayor na parīkṣeta sākṣiṇaḥ || 171 ||
01.172a teṣām api na bālaḥ syān naiko na strī na kūṭakṛt |
01.172c na bāndhavo na cārātir brūyus te sākṣyam anyathā || 172 ||
01.173a bālo 'jñānād asatyāt strī pāpābhyāsāc ca kūṭakṛt |
01.173c vibrūyād bāndhavaḥ snehād vairaniryātanād ariḥ || 173 ||
01.174a athavānumato yaḥ syād dvayor vivadamānayoḥ |
01.174c asākṣy eko 'pi sākṣitve praṣṭavyaḥ syāt sa saṃsadi || 174 ||
01.175a yas tv ātmadoṣabhinnatvād asvastha iva lakṣyate |
01.175c sthānāt sthānāntaraṃ gacched ekaikaṃ copadhāvati || 175 ||
01.176a kāsate 'nibhṛto 'kasmād abhīkṣṇaṃ niśvasaty api |
01.176c bhūmiṃ likhati pādābhyāṃ bāhu vāso dhunoti ca || 176 ||
123
01.177a bhidyate mukhavarṇo 'sya lalāṭaṃ svidyate tathā |
01.177c śoṣam āgacchataś coṣṭhāv ūrdhvaṃ tiryak ca vīkṣate || 177 ||
01.178a tvaramāṇa ivābaddham apṛṣṭo bahu bhāṣate |
01.178c kūṭasākṣī sa vijñeyas taṃ pāpaṃ vinayen nṛpaḥ || 178 ||
01.179a śrāvayitvā ca yo 'nyebhyaḥ sākṣitvaṃ tad vinihnute |
01.179c sa vineyo bhṛśataraṃ kūṭasākṣyadhiko hi saḥ || 179 ||
01.180a āhūya sākṣiṇaḥ pṛcchen niyamya śapathair bhṛśam |
01.180c samastān viditācārān vijñātārthān pṛthak pṛthak || 180 ||
124
01.181a satyena śāpayed vipraṃ kṣatriyaṃ vāhanāyudhaiḥ |
01.181c gobījakāñcanair vaiśyaṃ śūdraṃ sarvais tu pātakaiḥ || 181 ||
01.182a purāṇair dharmavacanaiḥ satyamāhātmyakīrtanaiḥ |
01.182c anṛtasyāpavādaiś ca bhṛśam uttrāsya sākṣiṇaḥ || 182 ||
01.183a nagno muṇḍaḥ kapālena bhikṣārthī kṣutpipāsitaḥ |
01.183c dīnaḥ śatrugṛhaṃ gacched yaḥ sākṣyam anṛtaṃ vadet || 183 ||
01.184a nagare pratiruddhaḥ san bahirdvāre bubhukṣitaḥ |
01.184c amitrān bhūyaśaḥ paśyed yaḥ sākṣyam anṛtaṃ vadet || 184 ||
125
01.185a yāṃ rātrim adhivinnā strī yāṃ caivākṣaparājitaḥ |
01.185c yāṃ ca bhārābhitaptāṅgo durvivaktā sa tāṃ vaset || 185 ||
01.186a sākṣī sākṣyasamuddeśe gokarṇaśithilaṃ caran |
01.186c sahasraṃ vāruṇān pāśān ātmani pratimuñcati || 186 ||
01.187a tasya varṣaśate pūrṇe pāśam ekaṃ pramucyate |
01.187c evaṃ sa bandhanāt tasmān mucyate niyutāḥ samāḥ || 187 ||
01.188a yāvato bāndhavāṃs yasmin hanti sākṣye 'nṛtaṃ vadan |
01.188c tāvataḥ saṅkhyayā tasmin śṛṇu saumyānupūrvaśaḥ || 188 ||
01.189a pañca paśvanṛte hanti daśa hanti gavānṛte |
01.189c śatam aśvānṛte hanti sahasraṃ puruṣānṛte || 189 ||
01.190a hanti jātān ajātāṃś ca hiraṇyārthe 'nṛtaṃ vadan |
01.190c sarvaṃ bhūmyanṛte hanti mā sma bhūmyanṛtaṃ vadīḥ || 190 ||
126
01.191a ekam evādvitīyaṃ tat prāhuḥ pāvanam ātmanaḥ |
01.191c satyaṃ svargasya sopānaṃ pārāvārasya naur iva || 191 ||
01.192a aśvamedhasahasraṃ ca satyaṃ ca tulayā dhṛtam |
01.192c aśvamedhasahasrād dhi satyam eva viśiṣyate || 192 ||
01.193a varaṃ kūpaśatād vāpi varaṃ vāpīśatāt kratuḥ |
01.193c varaṃ kratuśatāt putraḥ satyaṃ putraśatād varam || 193 ||
01.194a bhūr dhārayati satyena satyenodeti bhāskaraḥ |
01.194c satyena vāyuḥ pavate satyenāpaḥ sravanti ca || 194 ||
01.195a satyam eva paraṃ dānaṃ satyam eva paraṃ tapaḥ |
01.195c satyam eva paro dharmo lokānām iti naḥ śrutam || 195 ||
01.196a satyaṃ devāḥ samāsena manuṣyās tv anṛtaṃ smṛtam |
01.196c ihaiva tasya devatvaṃ yasya satye sthitā matiḥ || 196 ||
01.197a satyaṃ brūhy anṛtaṃ tyaktvā satyena svargam eṣyasi |
01.197c uktvānṛtaṃ mahāghoraṃ narakaṃ pratipatsyate || 197 ||
01.198a nirayeṣu ca te śaśvaj jihvām utkṛtya dāruṇāḥ |
01.198c asibhiḥ śātayiṣyanti balino yamakiṅkarāḥ || 198 ||
127
01.199a śūlair bhetsyanti cākruddhāḥ krośantam aparāyaṇam |
01.199c avākśirasam utkṣipya kṣepsyanty agnihradeṣu ca || 199 ||
01.200a anubhūya ca duḥkhās tāś ciraṃ narakavedanāḥ |
01.200c iha yāsyasy abhavyāsu gṛdhrakākādiyoniṣu || 200 ||
01.201a jñātvaitān anṛte doṣāñ jñātvā satye ca sadguṇān |
01.201c satyaṃ vadoddharātmānaṃ mātmānaṃ pātayiṣyasi || 201 ||
01.202a na bāndhavā na suhṛdo na dhanāni mahānty api |
01.202c alaṃ tārayituṃ śaktās tamasy ugre nimajjataḥ || 202 ||
01.203a pitaras tv avalambante tvayi sākṣitvam āgate |
01.203c tārayiṣyati kiṃvāsmān ātmānaṃ pātayiṣyati || 203 ||
01.204a satyam ātmā manuṣyasya satye sarvaṃ pratiṣṭhitam |
01.204c sarvathaivātmanātmānaṃ śreyasā yojayiṣyasi || 204 ||
128
01.205a yāṃ ca rātrim ajaniṣṭhā yāṃ rātriṃ ca mariṣyasi |
01.205c vṛthā tadantaraṃ te syāt kuryāś cet satyam anyathā || 205 ||
01.206a nāsti satyāt paro dharmo nānṛtāt pātakaṃ param |
01.206c sākṣidharme viśeṣeṇa satyam eva vadet tataḥ || 206 ||
01.207a yaḥ parārthe praharati svāṃ vācaṃ puruṣādhamaḥ |
01.207c ātmārthe kiṃ na kuryāt sa pāpo narakanirbhayaḥ || 207 ||
01.208a arthā vai vāci niyatā vāṅmūlā vāgviniḥsṛtāḥ |
01.208c yo hy etāṃ stenayed vācaṃ sa sarvasteyakṛn naraḥ || 208 ||
129
01.209a sākṣivipratipattau tu pramāṇaṃ bahavo yataḥ |
01.209c tatsāmye śucayo grāhyās tatsāmye smṛtimattarāḥ || 209 ||
01.210a smṛtimatsākṣisāmyaṃ tu vivāde yatra dṛśyate |
01.210c sūkṣmatvāt sākṣidharmasya sākṣyaṃ vyāvartate punaḥ || 210 ||
01.211a nirdiṣṭeṣv arthajāteṣu sākṣī cet sākṣyam āgataḥ |
01.211c na brūyād akṣarasamaṃ na tan nigaditaṃ bhavet || 211 ||
01.212a deśakālavayodravyapramāṇākṛtijātiṣu |
01.212c yatra vipratipattiḥ syāt sākṣyaṃ tad asad ucyate || 212 ||
130
01.213a ūnam abhyadhikaṃ cārthaṃ prabrūyur yatra sākṣiṇaḥ |
01.213c tad apy anuktaṃ vijñeyam eṣa sākṣyavidhiḥ smṛtaḥ || 213 ||
131
01.214a pramādād dhanino yatra na syāl lekhyaṃ na sākṣiṇaḥ |
01.214c arthaṃ cāpahnuyād vādī tatroktas trividho vidhiḥ || 214 ||
01.215a codanā pratikālaṃ ca yuktileśas tathaiva ca |
01.215c tṛtīyaḥ śapathaś coktas tair evaṃ sādhayet kramāt || 215 ||
01.216a abhīkṣṇaṃ codyamāno yaḥ pratihanyān na tadvacaḥ |
01.216c tricatuḥpañcakṛtvo vā parato 'rthaṃ tam āvahet || 216 ||
01.217a codanāpratighāte tu yuktileśais tam anviyāt |
01.217c deśakālārthasambandhaparimāṇakriyādibhiḥ || 217 ||
132
01.218a yuktiṣv apy asamarthāsu śapathair enam ardayet |
01.218c arthakālabalāpekṣam agnyambusukṛtādibhiḥ || 218 ||
01.219a dīptāgnir yaṃ na dahati yam antardhārayanty āpaḥ |
01.219c sa taraty abhiśāpaṃ taṃ kilbiṣī syād viparyaye || 219 ||
133
01.220a strīṇāṃ śīlābhiyogeṣu steyasāhasayor api |
01.220c eṣa eva vidhir dṛṣṭaḥ sarvārthāpahnaveṣu ca || 220 ||
01.221a śapathā hy api devānām ṛṣīṇām api ca smṛtāḥ |
01.221c vasiṣṭhaḥ śapathaṃ śepe yātudhāne tu śaṅkitaḥ || 221 ||
01.222a saptarṣayas tathendrāya puṣkarārthe samāgatāḥ |
01.222c śepuḥ śapatham avyagrāḥ parasparaviśuddhaye || 222 ||
134
01.223a ayuktaṃ sāhasaṃ kṛtvā pratyāpattiṃ bhajeta yaḥ |
01.223c brūyāt svayaṃ vā sadasi tasyārdhavinayaḥ smṛtaḥ || 223 ||
01.224a gūhamānas tu daurātmyād yadi pāpaṃ sa jīyate |
01.224c sabhyāś cātra na tuṣyanti tīvro daṇḍaś ca pātyate || 224 ||
  1. cf. J tr. 23, Chapter iv. On Evidence by Writing
  2. cf. J tr. 32, Chapter v. On Evidence by Witnesses ...